LEARNING ABOUT YOUR GENES: A PRIMER FOR NON-BIOLOGISTS

Book ID/图书代码： 14600019C00024

English Summary/英文概要： Genes were unknowingly discovered in the 19th century by Gregor Mendel, a Czechoslovakian monk. It was later established that genes are made of DNA, a biological compound found in tiny thread-like structures called chromosomes that are located in the nuclei of all cells in our bodies. DNA consists of chains of entities called bases of which there are four in nature. DNA consists of long chains of bases (sometimes referred to as DNA sequences) that are joined in any order, but the precise order and length of which constitute different genes.

Many (but not all) genes carry a code called the genetic code, a code that instructs the synthesis (manufacture) of the many hundreds of proteins that we require to survive and execute the many functions of life. The genetic code was deciphered in relatively recent years and is considered one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology.

Genes that encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins and those that regulate the manufacture of proteins comprise a mere two percent of our DNA. Despite our extensive knowledge of biology and the sub-discipline of molecular biology (the study of biology at the molecular level), the function (if any) of the rest of the DNA in our cells is unknown.

Chinese Summary/中文概要： 基因是在19世纪由捷克斯洛伐克僧侣格雷戈蒙代尔在不知不觉中发现的。后来人们发现，基因是由DNA构成的，DNA是一种生物化合物，存在于我们身体所有细胞的细胞核中，被称为染色体的微小线状结构中。DNA由称为碱基的实体链组成，自然界有四个碱基。DNA由以任何顺序连接的长链碱基（有时称为DNA序列）组成，但其精确的顺序和长度会构成不同的基因。

许多（但不是所有）基因都携带一种称为遗传密码的代号，这种代号让我们合成（制造）数百种蛋白质，这些蛋白质是我们生存和维持生命的许多功能所必需的。遗传密码是近年来被破译的，被认为是生物学史上最重要的发现之一。

编码蛋白质合成指令和调节蛋白质制造指令的基因仅仅占我们DNA的2%。尽管我们对生物学和分子生物学的子学科（分子水平上的生物学研究）有着广泛的知识，但我们对细胞中其余DNA的功能（如果有的话）还是未知的。(YYW)

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