PASSIONS AND TEMPERS: A HISTORY OF THE HUMOURS
Book ID/图书代码： 03540007B11660
English Summary/英文概要： The humours—blood, phlegm, black bile, and choler—were substances thought to circulate within the body and determine a person’s health, mood, and character. For example, an excess of black bile was considered a cause of melancholy. The theory of humours remained an inexact but powerful tool for centuries, surviving scientific changes and offering clarity to physicians.
This one-of-a-kind book follows the fate of these variable and invisible fluids from their Western origin in ancient Greece to their present-day versions. It traces their persistence from medical guidebooks of the past to current health fads, from the testimonies of medical doctors to the theories of scientists, physicians, and philosophers. By intertwining the histories of medicine, science, psychology, and philosophy, Noga Arikha revisits and revises how we think about all aspects of our physical, mental, and emotional selves.
Chinese Summary/中文概要： 《情感與氣質：體液史》（Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours）一書，圖文並茂地指出了昔日的醫學成就和謬誤。作者在書中提供了詳盡資料，揭示出醫學界在兩千年來的保守現象。令普通讀者感到有趣的是，作者透過體液學說的發展史，說明了醫生為什麼始終喜歡用過時方法治療病人。按照作者的敍述，體液學說流傳了幾個世紀，初次出現於託名為希波克拉底(Hippokrates of Kos, 460 BC-370 BC))所著的醫書，後被大醫師伽林(Galen, 131-200 A.D)彙編成書。伽林認為，人體有四種體液，分別是血液、黃膽汁、黑膽汁、黏液。每種體液都與四大元素（地水火風）中的一種相關聯，含有冷熱幹濕四種特性。根據這個假想的學說，只要體液在體內呈現均衡狀態，人體就會保持健康。當人體出現疾病，他的某種體液就會變得過多或不足。只要設法恢復體液均衡，就可以治好病人。伽林相信，性格也與體液的多寡密切相關。血液讓人熱情，黃膽汁叫人勇敢，黑膽汁令人憂鬱，黏液則能把人變成懶蟲，而人體中大概僅有一種體液會佔據優勢。作者如同所有出色的史學家那樣，意識到許多在過去無懈可擊的學說，如今卻多半僅有參考價值，甚至一無是處。現代醫療技術可以擺脫對伽林學說的依賴，但是，作為一種可以被現代生物學解釋的分子現象，體液觀念還可以繼續留在現代醫學科學範圍內。
Awards/获奖情况：榮獲美國兩大書評媒體華盛頓郵報及紐約時報2007年非小說類最佳圖書
One of the best non-fiction books of 2007, Washington Post
A New York Times Book Review Editor`s Choice
About the Author/作者介绍： Noga Arikha是個史學家，特別是針對身體及心靈兩者的相互影響關係，藉此連結人性及科學觀念的結合。她所研究的範圍涵蓋各時期各學科，從哲學、人類學、心理學、醫學、藝術、食物等都是她身為歷史學家所專研的面向。出生並在巴黎成長的Noga，1989年時移居到倫敦，並在倫敦大學國王學院(King`s College)取得學士學位，華堡學院(Warburg Institute)完成碩士及博士學位。而她的博士論文講述就是十七世紀末時身體與心靈的關係。
Noga Arikha is a historian of ideas, particularly interested in the relation between mind and body, and in helping to bridge the divide between the sciences and the humanities. Her interests encompass a wide range of periods and cultures, and her work straddles a multiplicity of disciplines, from philosophy, the cognitive and mind sciences, and anthropology, to the histories of science, psychology, medicine, art, and food. he was born and raised in Paris, speaking English at home. She moved to London in 1989, studied for a BA at King`s College London and for an MA and PhD at the Warburg Institute, University of London. Her dissertation was on the relation between mind and body in the late 17th century. In 2002 she went to New York to take up a Fellowship at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, where she finished the proposal of the book that would become Passions and Tempers.
She taught at Bard College, upstate New York, from 2003 to 2005, and at the Bard Graduate Center, New York City, in 2007. From September 2007 she will be based in Bologna, Italy.
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