FROM DISORDER TO DICTATORSHIP

Book ID/图书代码： 03360011B50674

English Summary/英文概要： "A New York Times article published at the zenith of Ngo Dinh Diem’s clash with the Binh Xuyen army exemplified Washington’s quizzical attitude toward South Vietnam’s sects. The 29 April headline proclaimed, ’Struggle Weird in Vietnam.’ The author went on to explain, ’The trouble in South Vietnam is one part volatile nationalism and one part bizarre and chaotic struggle for power.’ He even quoted Eisenhower calling the situation ’strange and inexplicable,’.... Contrary to Eisenhower’s assertion...some sort of showdown between the sects and the South Vietnamese government in spring 1955 was, in fact, quite predicatable within the context of the country’s recent political history." --- from Chapter 3

The most common narrative of the history of Vietnam during the 1950s holds that the military defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 made certain what had been a foregone conclusion as early as 1952: the French position was untenable and western engagement was quickly slackening. Not until the escalation of American involvement during the Kennedy administration would Vietnam again became a focus of western attention. During this interim period, political leaders in South Vietnam vied for power in a contentious geopolitical climate, with a turbulent population migrating north to south. Most scholars know little of the period, particularly the crucial years of transition from French rule, except that Ngo Dinh Diem, in a move supported by the United States, consolidated power as president of the new Republic of Vietnam in 1955. Because the United States sanctioned what was a supremely dirty election, Diem is viewed as a U.S. puppet. This sweeping and incomplete narrative, argues Jessica Chapman, effaces the complexity of domestic politics in Vietnam, as well as the conditions of Diem’s own political authority in this transitional period and beyond.

Chapman’s detailed account of 1953-1956, three crucial years when a new Vietnamese political order was established in the south, is based on extensive work in Vietnamese, French, and American archives (in all three languages). It is, in large part, a history of the political ascent of Diem, who subdued the once-Emperor Bao Dai, the armed religious sects of Hoa Hao and Cao Dai, and the Binh Xuyen crime organization. It also is an unparalleled account of these same outcast political powers, which would re-emerge as destabilizing actors in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Along the way, Chapman makes a number of significant arguments regarding the continued relevance of religious organizations in Vietnam and the limited penetration of communism and capitalism in the face of what were more durable local loyalties and animosities. She also shows Diem to be a charismatic leader whose personalist ideology influenced his idea of the new South Vietnamese state and was incompatible with the modern nation U.S. officials professed to support. She reveals the broader (and contemporary) implications of failed American efforts to control and direct state-making during the high Cold War era.

Chinese Summary/中文概要： 上世纪50年代最熟悉的越南的一段历史，在1954年5月兵败于奠边府当时的南越政府，探究其实早在1952年大势已去的事实：法国当时的立场是站不住脚，而当时的政府与西方的蜜月期合约也很快地消退了下来。值到肯尼迪政府时期，美国加大投入的财政兵力，越南政府才再次成为西方关注的焦点。在此过渡期间，在越南南部的政治领袖们在具有争议的地缘政治背景下互相角逐权利，混杂的人流从越南北部迁移到南方。大多数学者对那个时期的政治事件知之甚少，特别是法国政府的过渡统治时期，除了吴廷琰，由美国政府支持的现行政府，作为1955 年新越南共和国总统曾致力于巩固政权。由于美国的支持和一场肮脏的选举，吴廷琰被看作成是美国政府的傀儡。作者Jessica Chapman的这部全面的，完整的论文叙述了，那段美国政府曾在越南事件中，所隐藏的政治复杂性，以及在法国政府统治过渡期间和这以后，对于吴廷琰当权政府的援助条件。
Chapman详细叙述了1953年-1956年，当时曾建立于越南南部的新政治秩序的关键三年，这是基于对越南的，法国的和美国的案头调研（所有的三国语言）。它，在很大程度上，是吴廷琰在政治权利巅峰的一段历史，其中有被制服的保大（越南末代皇帝），教派武装-和好教(越南的民族主义佛教宗派)，平川派的犯罪组织的越南历史人物。它也是一部绝无仅有的描述这些被相同赶下台的政治人物的一部史记，重现了在上世纪50年代晚期到60年代早期这些风雨飘渺的政治人物，Chapman在越南制作了关于持续相关性的宗教组织的一些重要的参考观点型论文，有限的共产主义渗透和资本主义面对着当地群众持久的忠诚和敌意。她也显示了吴廷琰是一个具有感召力的领导者，其人格主义者思想导致他的新南越国的想法与现代的美国官员所宣扬的支持立场水火不容。她揭示了在凝重的冷战时期，美国政府曾努力去控制和直接插手建立当地政权失败时，更深层次的（与应时）的原因。(Sandy)

Awards/获奖情况：。
《紐約時報》曾经發表的一部關於‘吳廷琰’在全盛時期與平川軍隊衝突的文獻資料，華盛頓當時對於南越的教派的探詢的態度。4 月 29 日標題名為，‘在越南進行的一場怪異的鬥爭’。作者接著解釋道，’在越南南部的麻煩是一部分揮發性民族主義與一部分詭異與混沌的民間團體為權利而進行的鬥爭’。他甚至引用艾森豪威尔稱之為’奇怪而令人費解，’ … …。相反地，艾森豪威尔斷言 … …1955年春季南越南政府和教派之間將有著某種決定勝負的時刻，實際上，在這部國家近代史的論文中，可以十分明顯地看出歷史進程的預見性。

About the Author/作者介绍： Jessica M. Chapman是威廉斯學院歷史助教。她的關於越南的文章曾出現在《外交史》，《越南研究雜誌》和《現代世界百科全書》（牛津大學）；和關於柬埔寨，高棉，印度支那戰爭的資料在這部《越南在冷戰時期百科全書》（精裝）。

Jessica M. Chapman is Assistant Professor of History, Williams College. Her articles on Vietnam have appeared in Diplomatic History, the Journal of Vietnamese Studies, and the Encyclopedia of the Modern World (Oxford); and on Cambodia, Khmer Rouge, Indochina War, and Vietnam in the Encyclopedia of the Cold War (Routledge).

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